The pace of implementing the peace process in South Sudan has been inconstant and on a number of occasions, in danger of stalling altogether. Sudan’s Dafur region has recently been subject to a flare-up in conflict and violence over pasture and water attributed to the Janjaweed militia while in October 2021, the military leadership dissolved the civilian-led arm of government, disrupting the transition to civilian rule and undermining international confidence in the country’s democratic reform process. In Somalia, the election process has been punctuated by a series of political crises and stalked by the spectre of politically-motivated violence, against a backdrop of the increasing influence and capability of the al-Shabab terrorist group. In Ethiopia, a challenging internal conflict and an alarming humanitarian situation in the Tigray region that has dire consequences for the region has persisted since November 2020, while a negotiated settlement remains elusive. The Horn of Africa is facing multiple and complex challenges.
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